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Pronouncing Shakespeare: The Globe Experiment

為了解決large pronunciation的問題，作者Crystal, David 這樣論述：

How did Shakespeare's plays sound when they were originally performed? How can we know, and could the original pronunciation ever be recreated? For three days, Shakespeare's Globe presented a production of Romeo and Juliet in original, Shakespearian pronunciation. In an unusual blend of autobiograph

y, narrative, and academic content, David Crystal recounts the unique nature of the experience. He begins by discussing the Globe Theatre's approach to 'original practices', which had dealt with all aspects of Elizabethan stagecraft - except pronunciation. A large section is devoted to the nature of

the Early Modern English sound system. There are reports of how the actors coped with the task of learning the pronunciation, how it affected their performances and how the audiences reacted. In this new edition, he reflects on the development of the original pronunciation movement across the world

, since the Globe's experiment.

large pronunciation進入發燒排行的影片

整合潛藏語者風格資訊於多語言語碼轉換語音合成

為了解決large pronunciation的問題，作者王奕雯 這樣論述：

本文致力於研究並建置一個任一語者風格中英文語音合成系統，透過整合潛藏的語者風格資訊，使該系統最終能夠以任一語者、任一風格、以及中英文文本作為條件，輸出一個具有特定語者、風格，且對應於文本內容的合成語音。基 Tacotron2 合成器的注意力機制與解碼器，我們建置一個生成卷積編碼器，將語言特徵作為參數產生器的輸入，以生成文本編碼器中每層網路所需的參數，使該編碼器能同時為不同語言的文本進行編碼。接著，加入一個對抗式語者分類器，利用梯度反轉層之概念使文本編碼器能夠學習語者獨立的文本資訊，於推斷時模型能夠跨語言的轉換說話人聲音。進一步，我們透過以下模塊來整合語者風格資訊並提高語音質量：可獨立訓練的語

者編碼器，對任一參考音檔提取語者資訊，達到複製任一說話人聲音的效果；具有批量實例標準化的無監督式全局風格標註層，學習對音頻當中的風格正確建模，於推斷時可從任一參考音檔提取說話人風格，同時也可自行指定任一網路習得之風格進行合成，使該系統更符合人類可自由控制語音風格的特性；語音鑑別器，將合成器視為生成器，加入辨別真假語音的鑑別器，透過生成對抗網路之訓練概念，使合成語音更加難以被分辨真偽，進而提升語音品質。此外，我們應用遷移式學習方法訓練一個 WaveGlow 聲碼器，用以即時生成語音。最終，我們的中英文語音合成系統不僅可以合成高質量的雙語語音，還可從任一參考音檔中複製任一說話人的聲音與遷移任一說話

風格

The Speaking Seed

為了解決large pronunciation的問題，作者唐華瑄 這樣論述：

你現在所看到的是第一本探討使用外語進行公開演講的書。 　　作者唐華瑄 Diana Watson 是專業演説家 ，《演說種子》《The Speaking Seed》一書揭露多年以來她用中文演講，指導外語演講者，進而發展出《演說種子》課程的過程中所發現的秘訣。在此之前，只有她的客戶有幸能學得這些演講訣竅，現在您也得以一窺究竟。 　　多年來旅居世界各地，唐華瑄精通四種語言，並贏得多次演講比賽的獎項。多語及豐富的演講經歷，讓她體悟到 ── 結合公開演講和外語學習，為溝通開啟了無限可能，甚至可以影響世界。三年來，她運用這套課程進行演說，讓自己在公開演講的領域更上層樓；在台灣的一次演講比賽中，外籍人士

的她更以優異風趣的中文演說，打敗所有的中文母語参賽者，成為第一個獲得冠軍的外國人。 　　《演說種子》分成六個階段，在每一章的最後都有一些問題幫助你複習與整理，並附有演說種子學習單，可以影印及分享。 　　《演說種子》各個階段可以幫助你 ── 　　1.   瞭解《演說種子》的概念。 　　2.  克服使用外語發表公開演説的挑戰。 　　3.  寫出第一篇「演説種子」的演講稿。 　　4.  練習演説，使用手勢和道具，並且克服緊張。 　　5.  逐步提升語言能力，從會説簡單的句型到發表完整的演說。 　　6.  善用工具和技巧，深化演説經驗。   作者簡介 唐華瑄 　　唐華瑄Diana Wats

on 是語言愛好者，美語教師，演說教練及國際知名的演說家。她運用《演說種子》的技巧指導外語演說者。《演說種子：使用外語公開演講的成功密訣》， 是第一本探討外語公開演講相關技巧的專書。不論語言程度如何，所有的人都可以經由本書的幫助，自信地使用外語溝通。 　　唐華瑄在書中分享自己身為教師，演說家，及演說教練的故事和經驗。她發現舊有的外語學習方法需要重新省視，全球化的現代社會迫切需要演說種子，加深互相理解，增進人際關係，促進世界和平。   Introduction My Speaking Seed Journey 我的演說種子之旅 How to Read This Book 如

何閱讀此書 Stage 1 ― Ready to Get Dirty? 準備好下田耕耘了嗎？ Chapter 1 What Is a Speaking Seed? 何謂演說種子? Chapter 2 Learning a Foreign Language 學習一種外語 Respecting the Language 尊重該語言 Chapter 3 Showing Up 站出來 A Note about Determination 關於決心 A Word about Fluency 關於流暢度 Stage 2 ― Seeding 播種階段 Chapter 4 Ego 自我 Chapter 5

Your Seed is Worth Sharing 你的種子值得分享 Chapter 6 Focus 專注 Meditation 冥想 Chapter 7 Fear 懼怕 Chapter 8 Mirrors & Self Love 鏡像 & 愛自己 Stage 3 ― Planting 種植階段 Chapter 9 Baby Speaking Seed Steps 演說種子循序漸進 Starting Out 開始起步 Chapter 10 Get Your Seeds in a Row 排列你的種子不間斷 Chapter 11 Writing Speaking Seed Speeches

撰寫演說種子的講稿 Introductions 開場 Body Paragraphs 本文段落 Conclusions 結論 Chapter 12 Stories vs. Experiences 故事 vs. 經驗 Chapter 13 Creating & Revising Speeches 創作並繼續修改講稿 Stage 4 ― Sprouting 萌芽階段 Chapter 14 Oral Production & Speaking 口頭呈現及演講 Chapter 15 Practice, Practice, Practice, Nerves, Nerves, Nerves 練習、練習

、練習、緊張、緊張、緊張 To Memorize or Not to Memorize? 要背稿? 或不要背稿? Seed Time 舞台練習時間 Chapter 16 Crutches & Supports 協助和支援 Chapter 17 Gestures 手勢 Chapter 18 Watering Your Plants 灌溉你的植物 Chapter 19 Dressing Well 適當的服裝 Stage 5 ― Growth 成長階段 Chapter 20 Short Responses 即席短講 Chapter 21 The Funny Farmer 幽默的農夫 Chapter

22 Making Telephone Calls 打電話 Chapter 23 Reading Poetry 閱讀詩章 Chapter 24 Learning with Dialogues 從對話中學習 Chapter 25 Monodramas 獨角戲 Chapter 26 Advanced Speaking Seed Speeches 演說種子的進階演講 Chapter 27 Poisonous PowerPoints 有破壞性的投影片 Stage 6 ― Speaking Seed Tools 演說種子輔助工具 Chapter 28 Vocal & Physical Exercis

es 聲調和肢體訓練 Chapter 29 New Technology 新科技 Smartphones & Apps 手機& APP Video Sharing & Streaming Platforms 影像分享& 網路平台 Virtual & Augmented Reality Technologies 虛擬& 擴增實境科技 Video Chat & Webinar Platforms 影像聊天& 網路研討平台 Chapter 30 Goals & Rewards 目標& 獎賞 Give Yourself an Early Reward 提前給自己獎賞 Chapter 31 Slow &

Steady Growth Wins the Race 緩慢安穩的成長必贏得勝利 Conclusion References Acknowledgments Index   推薦序 　　Diana Watson唐華瑄來台13年，去年參加一場國語演講比賽，過程中生動活潑手勢和幽默輕鬆口吻，將台灣生活點滴和台下聽眾親切互動，流利的中文贏得滿堂喝采拿下幽默演講第一名。影片月中被放上影音分享網站Youtube後爆紅，點閱率兩周餘已破百萬。－蘋果日報 　　Diana is masterful with her words but when it comes to writing about

her passion, she is mesmerizing! Her expertise in her subject is unquestionable and is made all the more interesting by the humour that peppers her writing.-Deepak Menon, DTM 2018-2019 International President-Elect 作者序 　　“Always do what you are afraid to do.”— Ralph Waldo Emerson 　　Wintertime is

my favorite season in Taiwan... if I don’t think about all the mosquitoes, of course. From April until November, the non-stop scorching humid weather drains all of my energy and makes my air conditioner my best friend. But with the winter comes cool breezes, 5 p.m. sunsets, and the chance to wear so

mething other than tank tops and sandals. On this particular winter day, I had carefully chosen a nice blouse and comfortable pants, seeing as I was going to be nervous giving my first speech in a foreign language. 　　I was about to deliver a presentation in Mandarin at a Toastmasters club where all

of the members were Taiwanese locals. The more I thought about what I was doing, the more worried I got. “Girl, even though you hate it sometimes,” I reminded myself, “you are a challenge junkie!” Since I was a child, I’ve forced myself to do things that I was afraid to do because I wanted to be be

tter, stronger, different from others. 　　I kept scratching the sides of my legs even though they weren’t itching. My stomach felt like I had eaten french fries slathered in tons of grease. My heart was pounding so fast I thought I would have a heart attack. But before I had a chance to convince mys

elf that this all was a crazy idea and make a run for the exit, the last speaker finished. All eyes were now on me like searchlights in the dark. 　　I got out of my chair and peered at my audience before I went to the front of the room. I hadn’t been this nervous since I lost my virginity. My stomac

h rumbled like it was full of rocks while the Toastmaster (the master of ceremonies for the evening) introduced me. I was one of the first foreigners to join their club in over 15 years. Fifteen years? I realized at that moment that I was not a smart person. 　　I had spent the past two weeks practic

ing my short, four-minute speech with my Taiwanese roommate and my tutor. To be prepared, I thought it would be great if I wrote out my speech on four small pieces of poorly designed Snoopy paper. It was blue, adorned with graph lines that went all the way out to the edges of each sheet. 　　After I

wrote the speech in English, I wrote it out in pinyin (Mandarin written in the Roman alphabet). While I practiced giving the speech, I soon became aware that I couldn’t read pinyin that well. My sentences were simple, but my pronunciation and tones sounded like I was singing a horrible heavy metal s

ong rather than a flowing Chinese opera. For the past two weeks, I had done nothing but practice my speech. I had tried to get my voice to climb high like a soprano, to stay high and flat on that mountaintop, to charge down quickly into a deep pit, to roll up and down like a roller coaster... But st

ill, my erratic pauses caused me to stumble over phrases and skip parts of the speech. In short, even though I had practiced non-stop for two weeks, my delivery still sucked, and I knew it. Between the ridiculous papers I had clutched in my hands and my poor Mandarin reading skills, I felt certain t

hat my speech was doomed. 　　I looked around the room. It was small enough to make me visible to everyone, but large enough that only the people sitting in the first few rows would be able to see my hands shake and my lips quiver. I began speaking, my eyes focused on a black spot I saw on the ceilin

g towards the back of the room — probably a roach. I figured that if I centered on that roach, then I wouldn’t see the faces of my audience, and I wouldn’t lose my place on my graph-lined Snoopy paper and wind up suddenly stopping. Becoming a silent statue would be the worst-case scenario. Yes, look

ing at something that normally grosses me out was definitely a good idea, I decided. 　　At the end of my speech, I finally mustered the courage to look at my audience. I couldn’t believe it. All eyes were on me. Not a single person was looking at their watch or their cell phone. That was when I real

ized that Toastmasters clubs provide the perfect atmosphere for people to practice foreign language public speaking. Even if you deliver an almost incomprehensible speech, like I did, your listeners will be patient and attentive because none of them want to appear rude or, worse yet, miss out on som

ething. 　　Those were the longest four minutes of my life... And then the silent pause after my speech was deafening. I guess my audience needed time to process my speech just as much I needed time to process the fact that I had completed my first speech in Mandarin. I thought to myself, “Finally, D

iana, after two-and-a-half years of countless hours of study and practice, you can make a speech that locals can understand.” Then, to my surprise, everyone stood up and clapped. I wanted to cry. Perhaps I did cry. I can’t remember what I did exactly, but I do remember that I didn’t die from a heart

attack like I thought I would. Instead, I scanned the faces around the room and saw only smiles and applause. 　　That speech — my first one delivered in a language other than English — was over a decade ago. Ever since then, I’ve been digging my shovel into the earth of foreign language public spea

king. I’ve become a Speaking Seed.  

文字部件為本的語料分析：一個子字詞層次的中文語料庫工具

為了解決large pronunciation的問題，作者廖永賦 這樣論述：

中文書寫系統在世界書寫系統中具有獨特的地位，因為絕大多數的漢字為語素文字 (logogram)。因此，漢字本身即攜帶語義訊息，而不像許多其他書寫系統需透過拼音對應至詞彙來攜帶語意訊息。此外，漢字通常可以被分解成更小的元素，這些元素常攜帶著與該漢字相關的語意和發音。然而，由於漢字的編碼方式 (encoding)，電腦使用者不容易取得這些豐富的資訊——一個漢字對應到電腦中的一個編碼 (code point)，這讓使用者無法進一步取得漢字的內部結構訊息，因為編碼本身並不會記錄這些資訊。例如，中文使用者會知道，「淋」和「霖」這兩個字的發音相同，因為它們有共同的部件「林」。但是我們無法從「淋」和「霖」

的編碼中取得這個共同的部件——在 Unicode 中，「淋」與「霖」分別對應到 U+6DCB 與 U+9716，但這些編碼並無法表徵這兩個字具有關聯的事實。面對這個局限，我們開發了一個可分析子字詞層次的中文語料庫工具。這個語料庫工具讓使用者能夠取得漢字豐富的部件資訊 (包含部首與非部首)，例如，這讓使用者可以根據漢字共有的部件進行檢索 (舉例來說，透過共同部件「林」，可以取得「淋」、「霖」、「琳」、「箖」與「惏」)，並且讓使用者能夠透過這類訊息來進行語料的量化分析。除了語料庫工具之外，我們還進行了一項個案研究，以透過實徵資料驗證子字詞層次的資訊是否有用，並同時探索此階層與更高階層的語意關聯。結

果顯示，某些特定的漢字部首語義訊息與詞彙的語義訊息具有顯著的關聯，然而多數的部首與詞彙類型並無明確的對映關係。論文最後，我們指出了漢字內部的高度遞迴結構對於當前研究的一些影響，並討論了解決相關困境的潛在可能。