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Different Strokes: Serena, Venus, and the Unfinished Black Tennis Revolution

為了解決Referee, umpire的問題，作者Harris, Cecil 這樣論述：

The days of tennis as a country club sport for the aristocracy have long passed, as have the pre-Open era days when black players faced long odds just to be invited to the four Grand Slam events. An entire generation of sports fans has grown up seeing Venus and Serena Williams as the gold standard i

n American professional tennis. Although the Williams sisters have done more than any other players to make tennis accessible to a diverse population, it's not as if the tennis revolution is over. When you watch tennis next, take a close look at the umpire, the person sitting in the high chair of au

thority at courtside. Look at the tournament referee and the tournament director, the officials who run the tournament. In those seats of power and influence, blacks are still woefully underrepresented.Different Strokes chronicles the rise of the Williams sisters, as well as other champions of color

, closely examining how African Americans are collectively faring in tennis, on the court and off. Despite the success of the Williams sisters and the election of former pro player Katrina Adams as the U.S. Tennis Association's first black president, top black players still receive racist messages v

ia social media and sometimes in public. The reality is that while significant progress has been made in the sport, much work remains before anything resembling equality is achieved. Cecil Harris is a sports journalist and has covered major tennis events including the U.S. Open and the Women’s Ten

nis Association Championships in New York, and he has written for the New York Times, the Associated Press, and USA Today. He is the author of several books, including Charging the Net: A History of Blacks in Tennis from Althea Gibson and Arthur Ashe to the Williams Sisters.

Referee, umpire進入發燒排行的影片

交通訴訟中行政機關敗訴原因之探討- 以桃園行政訴訟庭為例

為了解決Referee, umpire的問題，作者吳宗富 這樣論述：

交通訴訟泛指一切與交通事件有關的訴訟，最廣義包含交通案件受刑事追訴審判之刑罰案件及交通損害賠償由民事訴訟審判之案件，如最狹義者可單指於行政訴訟法中明文定義之「交通裁決程序訴訟」專章，即是以交通違規舉發通知單為衍伸救濟程序下之訴訟案件。取締交通違規案件係為維護交通安全與秩序，依相關交通法規稽查舉發，即屬行政機關舉發通知後所為之行政處分，自應遵守依法行政原則，落實實體法規及程序，在法治國原則下，以求評價國家干預人民權益之正當性。違反道路交通管理處罰條例之受處分人不服舉發事實，可依交通裁決事件之救濟程序，以原處分機關為被告，逕向管轄之地方法院行政訴訟庭提起訴訟，交通裁決訴訟程序採二審終決，係自10

1年9月6日起，而警察機關舉發違規程序及裁決機關裁罰，極有可能因法官見解相異而遭撤銷，且依照訴願前置主義，交通違規訴訟僅有申訴管道，並無訴願程序，即可直接提出行政訴訟，而申訴管道本身之受理機關，即為裁處機關本身，裁處機關多將申訴案件交由舉發機關自行認定，尚非能踐行第一層救濟，且提起行政訴訟前雖有自我審查機制，惟仍屬裁處機關自行決定，不免有球員兼裁判之疑慮，因此沒有訴願程序之交通違規訴訟，僅能透過行政訴訟司法檢驗，定調裁罰之正確性，檢視司法機關撤銷行政機關之適法性、適當性、手段必要性等，故從最狹義的交通訴訟探究交通裁決程序之訴訟案件，分析歸納撤銷之原因，讓行政機更能學習自我反省，進而了解執法問題

原因，減少爭訟。

You’re the Basketball Ref: Mind-Boggling Questions to Test Your Basketball Knowledge

為了解決Referee, umpire的問題，作者Stewart, Wayne 這樣論述：

Do you think you know basketball? Do you think you know it well enough to take the court as an NBA or NCAA referee and accurately make the really tough calls? Well, here's your chance to prove how much you really know about the history and rules of one of the world's most popular sports. You're the

Basketball Ref, newly updated with a dozen fresh scenarios, is designed to inform, challenge, and entertain basketball fans. A brief introduction to the history of basketball is followed by an overview of NBA and NCAA matters. Topics range from situations that typically come up in games--traveling a

nd shot clock violations, for example--to rules that are just a bit more unusual or, for the casual fan, more obscure. Then quiz yourself on what call you would make in each scenario Many of the situations in You're the Basketball Ref come from real games, but some scenarios are made up to illustr

ate specific points or rules. So don your stripes, grab your whistle, and take your position on the court. After all, you're the ref Wayne Stewart has been a professional sportswriter for more than thirty-five years and has authored thirty books, including Name that Ballplayer, You’re the Umpire,

and The Little Giant Book of Basketball Facts.

新手與老鳥選手的好球帶差異

為了解決Referee, umpire的問題，作者林昱丞 這樣論述：

裁判的公正決策對於職業棒球大聯盟 (MLB)等職業體育聯盟至關重要。然而研究顯示，棒球比賽裁判的偏誤判決可能是由多種原因造成的，例如:種族不同、明星球員和主場，但很少有研究判決偏差是因球員還是菜鳥而導致的。本文的目標就是檢驗這種偏見存不存在於MLB。我們根據 2015-2018 年美國職棒大聯盟常規賽季的每一球資料（超過 1,000,000筆資料），去刻畫出了好球帶，然後使用線性機率模型，probit 模型與logit 模型。在控制了其他變數後，我們發現裁判的確有判決偏差在好球帶的邊上，且此偏差對於新人打者及新人投手都是有害的。雖然我們的數據無法控制投手和捕手的組合，但我們至少控制了其他變數

，提供新的想法給未來這方面的研究。